LoRa Configuration

In WisGateOS2, LoRa configuration supports three operating modes, allowing the gateway to connect to different LoRa network servers and manage LoRa communication efficiently:

• Built-in Network Server
  The gateway acts as a central LoRa Network Server (LNS), processing packets locally and managing devices directly. It supports multi-gateway networking by allowing extender gateways to join the network and be managed locally from the gateway interface. This mode enables independent operation without relying on external services.
• Packet Forwarder
  The gateway forwards packets to an external network server (e.g., TTN, ChirpStack) without local processing. The external network server handles packet processing, device management, and data routing. Suitable for integrating the gateway into an existing LoRaWAN network infrastructure.
• Basic Station
  The gateway uses a secure WebSocket (WSS) to communicate with a remote LoRaWAN network server. This mode offers enhanced security and stable connectivity, supporting dynamic updates and secure cloud-based communication.

Work Mode	Protocol/Server Type	Supported external network servers
Built-in Network Server	Built-in LNS	No external server required
Packet Forwarder	Semtech UDP GWMP Protocol LoRa Gateway MQTT Bridge	UDP： TTN Loriot ChirpStack V3 ChirpStack V4 MQTT: MQTT for Built-in LNS ChirpStack V2 ChirpStack V3-JSON ChirpStack V3-protobuf ChirpStack V4-protobuf
Basic Station	CUPS-BOOT Server CUPS Server LNS Server	LNS Server: AWS IoT Core TTN ChirpStack V3 ChirpStack V4 CUPS Server: Actility(Things Park) AWS IoT Core TTN

Built-in Network Server

In WisGateOS2, the gateway can operate as a Built-in Network Server (LNS), processing packets locally and managing LoRa devices directly without needing an external server.

In this section, you will learn how to:

• Configure the gateway as a Built-in Network Server: Set up frequency, data rate, and other LoRa parameters to enable the gateway to operate as an independent LNS.
• Add and manage devices: Register LoRa end devices to the built-in LNS.
• Set up multi-gateway networking: Add extender gateways to expand network coverage and capacity, allowing them to be managed locally through the central gateway interface.

Configuration

This section covers how to configure the gateway as a Built-in Network Server, including setting up the server and configuring its parameters.

Configuration Guide Based on Use Case

Before diving into the specific features, start with the following basic configuration steps that apply to all use cases:

• Work Mode: Set to Built-in Network Server
• Frequency Plan / Region: Choose based on your country or deployment region
• Log Level: Optional, used for debugging and monitoring

Once the basic configuration is complete, refer to the table below to determine which additional configuration sections are relevant to your use case.

Use Case	Additional Configuration Sections
Basic local testing / data reception	None required beyond the basic setup
Sending data to a cloud platform (MQTT, AWS IoT)	Integration Interface Choose and configure one of the following: Generic MQTT AWS IoT Core
Multi-gateway deployment (central + extenders)	Gateway Backend Configure MQTT broker, topics, and sync between gateways
Custom/private LoRaWAN frequency requirements	View Detailed Regional Parameters (e.g., sub-band, private sync word)
Class B end device support	Class B Settings (only visible if GPS is available) Configure beaconing, ping slots, and transmission parameters
Network behavior tuning / compliance	Network Server Parameters (ADR, RX window, dwell time, etc.)

Configuration Options Overview

Based on your use case, this section provides detailed explanations for each configuration module. You can follow along step by step, or skip to the sections that are relevant to your specific scenario.

Work Mode
By default, the gateway is configured to work in Built-in network server.

Figure 1: Work mode

Log Level
Configure the log level for debugging and monitoring purposes.

Figure 1: Log Level

• Error: Shows only error logs.
• Warning: Shows warning logs.
• Notice: Shows notice logs.
• Info: Shows all notice, error, and warning logs.
• Debug: This is the full log. It shows all types of logs and is used for debugging.

Select Your Country & Region

Figure 1: Select your country & region

Country Code Setting: (Optional) Selecting the correct country ensures that the gateway operates in compliance with local regulations. The gateway's transmit power will be set to the maximum allowed by local regulations, and the LBT (Listen Before Talk) feature will be enabled if required.

Region: Set the region here. The frequency plan can be switched for the following regions:

• US915, AS923, KR920, AS923
• EU868, RU864, IN865
• EU433
• CN470

NOTE

• If you have already selected a country, the corresponding frequency plan will be automatically applied in the Region settings. Manual changes to the frequency plan are not allowed if the country selection has been made.
• Different hardware supports different LoRaWAN regions.
• If your Region is set to AS923, you need to configure the Variation option, such as AS923-1/AS923-2/AS923-3/AS923-4.

View Detailed Regional Parameters

NOTE

The default frequency settings will work for most deployments.

If needed, you can click View detailed regional parameters of the frequency plan to further customize frequency sub-bands or channel settings based on your deployment requirements.

Click on View detailed regional parameters of the frequency plan to expand the options.

• LoRaWAN Public: When enabled (by default), the gateway will process data from all end devices. If you want to create a private network, you can turn it off. The gateway will process the data only from the end devices, whose sync word is changed to private.

LoRaWAN network frequency settings vary by region due to different radio regulations and frequency allocations. This affects the available channel types:

• Frequency Sub-Band: Select the specific frequency sub-band based on the region's frequency plan.
• Multi-SF LoRa Channel Frequency (MHz): Set the frequency for the Multi-SF LoRa channel. To remove it, click the X next to it. To add a new frequency, enter the value and click Add.
• Standard LoRa Channel Frequency (MHz): Set the frequency for the standard LoRa channel.
• FSK Channel Frequency (MHz): Set the frequency for the FSK channel.

Network Server Parameters
Click on Network server parameters are used to configure general setup for your LoRa built-in server. This section is required for filling-in. to expand the settings menu.

Figure 1: Network Server Parameters

• Network ID: This is a decimal number to distinguish between networks if deploying multiple ones.
• Enable ADR: Enables or disables Adaptive Data Rate (ADR). When enabled, the server will automatically adjust data rates, airtime, and energy consumption based on current network conditions.
• Min Allowed TX Data-Rate: Sets the minimum transmission data rate. Depends on the Region.
• Max Allowed TX Data-Rate: Sets the maximum transmission data rate. Depends on the Region.
• ADR Margin (dB): Only visible when ADR is enabled. This sets the margin value in dB to avoid overestimating the data rate, which could lead to performance issues (e.g., increased error rate and reduced range).
• Rx1 Delay (s): Delay of the first receive window (RX1) in seconds.
• RX1 Data Rate Offset: Determines the data rate for downlink frames sent in the RX1 window. By default, it is 0 – identical to the uplink.
• RX2 Frequency (MHz): Sets the frequency of the second receive window (RX2).
• RX2 Data Rate: Sets the data rate for frames sent in the second receive window.
• Uplink / Downlink Dwell Time Limit: Set the uplink / downlink Dwell Time limit. Note that these two configuration options are only valid for specific regions.
• Downlink Tx Power (dBm): It is useful if you want to use a larger antenna with more gain. Values from -6 to 20 are permissible.
• Disable Frame-counter Validate: This function turns on/off the Frame counter validation.
• End device-status request interval (s): This shows how often the end devices should be polled for their status log level.
• Statistic interval (s): This shows how often the statistics will be gathered.

Packet Filter
Set a filter for the packets from chosen devices (disabled by default). Click on Allows to optimize bandwidth by filtering and forwarding packets from chosen end devices to expand packet filter settings. If White List Mode and Auto Filter are enabled, these are the following options:

Figure 1: Packet Filter

• OUI: Filters devices based on the first 3 bytes (6 hexadecimal characters) of the DevEUI, which typically identify the device manufacturer.
• Network ID: A decimal value between 0 and 127, derived from the most significant bits of a device's DevAddr. For details, see the NetID and DevAddr Prefix Assignments.
• Discard Period (s): This is a period threshold of discard time for nodes (in seconds).
• Join Period (s): This is a period threshold of Statistics on the latest join request (in seconds).
• Join Interval (s): This is the time interval threshold between two consecutive join requests from the same device EUI (in seconds).
• Join Count 1: This is the maximum count of join requests allowed during Join Interval.
• Join Count 2: This is the maximum count of join requests allowed during the Join Period.

Gateway backend

The Gateway Backend allows the central gateway to communicate with extender gateways using the MQTT protocol. This enables data transfer and coordination within a multi-gateway network.

To extend the settings field, click on Configure the Gateway Backend to allow the central gateway and extenders to communicate via MQTT.

Figure 1: Gateway backend

• MQTT Broker Address: The IP address of the MQTT broker (default: 127.0.0.1 for the built-in broker).
• MQTT Broker Port: The port used by the broker (default: 1883).
• MQTT Version: Choose between V3.1 and V3.1.1. There is very little difference between them, more information can be found on the GitHub repo.
• QoS (Quality of Service):
  • 0 - At Most Once
  • 1 - At Least Once
  • 2 - Exactly Once
• Keepalive interval (s): Interval in seconds to keep the connection alive (default: 10).
• Clean session: When enabled, the broker does not store subscription or undelivered messages.
• Retain: When enabled, the last message will be retained.
• Enable User Authentication: Enable authentication using username and password (disabled by default).
• SSL/TLS Mode: Configure secure connection
  • None
  • CA signed server certification
  • Self-signed server certification
  • Self-signed server & client certification
• TLS Version: Choose between TLS v1.1 and TLS v1.2.
• Uplink Topic/Downlink Topic/Downlink Acknowledge Topic/Gateway Statistic Topic: Predefined MQTT topics for uplink, downlink, and status updates.

Class B Settings
Enable/disable the class B beaconing. To expand the menu, click on Configure the beacon period and ping slots of class B devices to use time-sync beacons sent by the gateways.

Figure 1: Class B Settings

• Enable Beacon: The switch enables/disables Class B beaconing.
• PingSlot Channel Frequency: The frequency used for the beacon ping.
• PingSlot Datarate: The minimum duration of each beacon ping slot.
• Enable Hopping: Enables/disables Class B hopping as the class B beacon is transmitted following a frequency hopping pattern.
• Beacon Frequency (MHz): The frequency of the beacon. If frequency hopping is enabled, this option does not appear.
• Beacon TX Power: This is the transmit power of the beacon ping.

Integration Interface Parameters

The Integration Interface forwards received data to an external network server (e.g., external MQTT broker or AWS IoT Core).

To expand the menu, click on Configure the Integration Interface to forward all received data to an external network server. The settings change depending on the chosen Integration mode.

Figure 1: Integration Interface Parameters

• Enable Integration Interface: Enables the integration interface.
• Generic MQTT integration mode:
• MQTT Broker Address: The IP address of the MQTT broker (default: 127.0.0.1).
  • MQTT Broker Port: The port used by the broker (default: 1883).
• MQTT Version: Choose between V3.1 and V3.1.1. There is very little difference between them, more information can be found on GitHub repo.
  • QoS: Quality of Service level:
    • 0 - At Most Once
    • 1 - At Least Once
    • 2 - Exactly Once
  • Keepalive interval (s): Interval in seconds to keep the connection alive (default: 10).
  • Clean session: When enabled, the broker does not store session data.
  • Retain: If enabled, the last published message is retained.
  • Client ID: ID used to associate with the topic (auto-generated if left empty).
  • Enable User Authentication: Enable authentication using username and password.
  • SSL/TLS Mode: Configure secure connection
    • None
    • CA signed server certification
    • Self-signed server certification
    • Self-signed server & client certification
  • TLS Version: Choose between TLS v1.1 and TLS v1.2.
  • Join Topic / Uplink Topic / Downlink Topic / Downlink Acknowledge Topic / Status Topic: Predefined MQTT topics for uplink, downlink, and status updates.
  • AWS IoT Core integration mode:
    • AWS IoT Core endpoint URL: The AWS endpoint address.
• AWS IoT Core endpoint Port: The port used by the AWS server.
  • Root CA: CA certificate provided by AWS IoT Core.
  • Certificate: Gateway certificate generated by AWS IoT Core.
  • Key: Private key for the gateway, generated by AWS IoT Core.

Applications

This tab is available only when the gateway is in Built-in Network Server mode. In this tab, you can create an application and register end devices in the Built-in Network Server.

Create an Application

Applications group LoRaWAN devices for management.

1. Navigate to the LoRa > Applications tab.
2. To add a new application, click Add application or add one now.

Figure 1: Applications tab

3. Set the following parameters:

Figure 1: Set parameters

• Application name: A unique name for the application.
• Application description: (Optional) description of the application.
• Application Type
  • Unified Application key: All devices will use the same application key.
  • Separate Application keys: Each device or group of devices has a unique key.
• Auto Add Device: When enabled, devices with matching AppKey and Application EUI will be added automatically after a successful join request. This is useful for mass deployment of identical devices.
• Application Key: Required for Unified Application Key setup.
• Application EUI: Required for automatic device registration when Auto Add Device is enabled.
• Payload type
  • None: No specific payload format.
  • CayenneLPP: Payload format based on the Cayenne Low Power Payload (LPP) standard.
• Only forward data object: If enabled, the gateway will only forward the raw data object to the server without processing or decoding it.
• Decode Type
  • Base 64
  • HEX string
• Report LoRa Radio Information: If enabled, the gateway will include LoRa signal data (RSSI, SNR, etc.) in the payload sent to the server. This may increase packet size.
• Enable HTTP/HTTPS Integration Parameters: If enabled, allows forwarding of uplink data and events to external HTTP/HTTPS endpoints.
  • Header name
  • Header value
  • Uplink data URL
  • Join notification URL
  • Ack notification URL
  • Device-status notification URL
  • Maximum number of concurrent connections
  • Maximum length of queue

4. Click Save Application.

Add Devices

If Auto Add Device is enabled in the application settings, devices will automatically register upon initiating a join request. Otherwise, you can add devices manually or using a CSV file. Both methods support batch device registration.

Configure Device Information

1. Navigate to the LoRa > Applications.

2. Click on the application where the device should be added.

   Figure 1: Application list
   NOTE

   You can also click "Add end devices" in the END DEVICES list. (This button will only appear if no end devices are registered.)

3. In the End devices tab, click Add end device.

Figure 1: Add an end device

4. Set the following device parameters:

Figure 1: Configuration page

• Activation Mode
  • OTAA: Over-The-Air-Activation (OTAA).
  • ABP: Activation-By-Personalization (ABP).
• End device (group) name: Enter a name for the device or group of devices.
• End device description (optional): Provide a brief description of the device or group of devices.
• Enable LPTP: LoRa Private Transport Protocol (LPTP) is a RAK proprietary message splitting protocol, which can send data with a length exceeding the maximum permissible size, using multiple messages.
• Application Key: The parameter for the LoRaWAN OTAA mode.
• Class
  • Class A
  • Class B
  • Class C  
  NOTE

  If the end device is configured as Class B, ensure that the gateway supports time synchronization (e.g., GPS) and has Class B beaconing enabled. Otherwise, the device may not function properly in Class B mode.

   
• Application Key: Required for OTAA devices when Separate Application Key is selected.
• Application Session Key: Required for ABP devices.
• Network Session Key: Required for ABP devices.
• Frame Counter Width: Defines the frame counter size for message tracking.
• LoRaWAN MAC Version
  • V1.0.2
  • V1.0.3
• LoRaWAN Regional Parameters reversion
  • A
  • B

5. To save the changes, click Add end devices.

Manually Add Devices

Figure 1: Manual Method

1. Enter the following:

• End Device EUI (Main): Fill in the device's unique EUI (Required).
• End device address (Main): Fill in the device's unique address (Required for ABP mode).
• Step (Optional): Use this to auto-generate multiple devices in sequence. (Supports batch adding)
• Count (Optional): Number of devices to generate. (Supports batch adding)

2. Click Add to "End Devices List" and the system will automatically verify the device information.

• Correct devices will appear under End devices list.
• Duplicate devices will appear under End devices with error for correction.

Figure 1: Add devices to the List

3. To add the uploaded devices, click Add end devices.
4. Click Add to confirm and proceed.

Figure 1: Confirm adding devices

Add Devices Using CSV File

For batch registration of multiple devices, using a CSV file is more efficient.

Figure 1: CSV Method

1. You can create a CSV file in two ways:

• Download the template by clicking download it here.

• Or create your CSV file manually.

  NOTE

  • The CSV file must include:

  Mode	Required Fields	Parameter Format
  OTAA	end device EUI	EUI: Add the unique 16-digit number from the product label.
  ABP	end device EUI end device address	EUI: Add the unique 16-digit number from the product label. address: Add the unique 8-digit number from the product label.

  • Ensure the file size does not exceed 1 MB.

2. Click choose file or drag and drop your CSV file into the upload box.

3. After importing the CSV file, the system will automatically verify the device information.

• Correct devices will appear under End devices list.
• Duplicate devices and devices with invalid fields will appear under End devices with error.

Figure 1: Add devices to the List

4. To add the uploaded devices, click Add end devices.
5. Click Add to confirm and proceed.

Figure 1: Confirm adding devices

After adding the end device(s), make sure they initiate a join request (for OTAA) or start transmitting data (for ABP) to connect to the network.

Once the device successfully joins or communicates, its "LAST SEEN" status will be updated in the End Devices List, indicating it is online and active.

Manage Applications

View/Modify Application Settings

1. Navigate to the LoRa > Applications. View all added applications in this panel.
2. Click the target application to go to its Configuration tab, or click () and choose Edit Configuration.

Figure 1: Application list

3. In the Configuration tab, you can view and modify the application settings.

Figure 1: Application configuration

Delete Application

warning

Once deleted, the applications cannot be recovered. Proceed with caution.

• Delete a Single Application
  • Navigate to the target application's Configuration tab.
  • Click Remove this application.
• Batch Delete Applications
  • Go to LoRa > Applications.
  • Select checkbox(es) for target application(s).
  • Click Delete.

Manage Devices

View/Modify Device Settings

1. Navigate to the LoRa > Applications.

2. Click the target application to go to its End devices tab, or click () and choose View end devices.

3. In the End devices tab, all devices in the application can be viewed here.

Figure 1: Device list

4. Click the target device to view or modify its information under the Configuration tab.

Figure 1: Device configuration

View Device Packets

View all data packets exchanged between end device and central gateway.

1. Go to the Configuration tab of the device, then click Packet capture.

Figure 1: Packet capture

• Pause/Restart session: The button pauses or restarts the session.

• Download session: The button downloads a .json file with packets data in it.
• Filter: The button drops-down a filter menu.
  • Type: LoRaWAN message type.
  • Frequency: The frequency on which the packet is received/sent.
  • RSSI: Range of the RSSI.
  • SNR: Range of the SNR.
  • Hide CRC_ERR Packets: When enabled, the filter will hide all packets with CRC Error.
  • Reset filter: Reset the filter to default.

Export End Device Information

Export device profiles including:

• End Device EUI
• Device Name
• Activation Mode (OTAA/ABP)
• DevAddr
• AppKey (encrypted)

1. Go to LoRa > Applications > Your Application > End devices.
2. Select target device(s).
3. Click Export end device info.

Downlink

Send downlink messages to the end device.

Figure 1: Downlink

• Frame Confirmation: Enable or disable frame confirmation for the downlink message.
• FPort: Port number used for the downlink message.
• HEX Bytes: Hexadecimal-encoded message content.
• Scheduled Downlink: List of sent downlink data.
  • TIMESTAMP: Time the downlink message was sent.
  • FPORT: Port number used for the message.
  • CONFIRMED: Indicates whether the downlink message was confirmed.
  • DATA: Content of the downlink message in hexadecimal format.
  • SIZE: Size of the downlink message in bytes.

Overview

The Overview tab provides a summary of the device's current status and performance. It includes key metrics and visualizations to monitor network activity and signal quality.

Figure 1: Overview

Device Status and Summary

• TOTAL DOWNLINK: Number of downlink messages sent to the device.
• TOTAL UPLINK: Number of uplink messages received from the device.
• BATTERY: Current battery status (e.g., charging).
• END DEVICE ADDRESS: Unique identifier of the end device.
• LINK MARGIN: Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) margin in dB.
• PACKET LOSS: Percentage of lost packets during transmission.
• LAST SEEN: Time since the last communication with the device.

SNR & RSSI

Displays signal quality metrics through bar graphs:

• SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio): Distribution of SNR values for received packets (in dB).
• RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator): Distribution of RSSI values for received packets (in dBm).

Traffic History

Tracks uplink and downlink message activity over time:

Data Rate

Shows the distribution of packets sent and received at different data rates:

Delete Device

warning

Once deleted, the devices cannot be recovered. Proceed with caution.

• Delete a Single Device
  • Navigate to the device's Configuration tab.
  • Click Delete end device.
• Batch Delete Devices
  • Go to LoRa > Applications > Your Application > End devices.
  • Select target device checkbox(es).
  • Click Delete.

Gateways

The Gateways tab is available only when the gateway is operating in Built-in Network Server mode. It allows the current gateway to function as the central gateway, managing a network of extender gateways to expand LoRaWAN coverage and capacity. All extender gateways added through this interface are fully integrated into the local network and can be managed directly from the central gateway's Web UI.

Add Extender Gateways

1. Navigate to the LoRa > Gateways tab.

Figure 1: Gateways tab

2. To add an extender gateway, click the Add extender gateway.

3. In the new window, configure the following information.

Figure 1: Add gateway

• Extender gateway EUI: Enter the gateway's EUI (Extended Unique Identifier).
• Extender gateway name (optional): Name of the gateway.
• Extender gateway description (optional): A description of the gateway.

4. To save the changes, click the Add to "Extender Gateway list". The extender gateway will now appear in the Extender Gateway list.

   NOTE

   You can also click the X icon to delete the extender gateway.

5. Click Add extender gateway to add an extender gateway to the built-in server.

   NOTE

   If you choose Skip, the extender gateway will not be added successfully, and the page will redirect to the gateway list.

Figure 1: Added gateway

To verify whether the extender gateway is successfully integrated, additional configuration is required on the extender side based on the selected connection protocol.

Important

• Adding extender gateways here only registers them on the central gateway.
• To enable actual LoRa packet forwarding, you must configure each extender gateway to connect to the central gateway using the appropriate protocol:
  • UDP: Set the central gateway's IP address in the extender's Packet Forwarder settings.
  • MQTT: Set the central gateway's MQTT broker IP address in the extender's configuration.

Manage Extender Gateways

View/Modify Extender Gateway Settings

1. Navigate to LoRa > Gateways. View all added extender gateways in this panel.
2. Click the target extender gateway, or click () and choose View gateway details.

Figure 1: View or delete the gateway

3. In the details tab, you can view and modify the extender settings.

Figure 1: Extender gateway details

Delete Extender Gateway

warning

Once deleted, the extender gateways cannot be recovered. Proceed with caution.

• Delete a Single Extender Gateway
  • Navigate to LoRa > Gateways.
  • In the target extender gateway's information section, click () and choose Delete extender gateway.
• Batch Delete Applications
  • Go to LoRa > Gateways.
  • Select checkbox(es) for target extender gateway(s).
  • Click Delete.

Overview

The Overview tab provides a real-time summary of the traffic and connected end devices for both the central gateway and any extender gateways. This tab is available only when the gateway is set to Built-in Network Server mode.

Figure 1: Overview

General Status
Displays key status information for the central gateway and extender gateways:

• Total Downlink: Total number of downlink frames transmitted.
• Total Uplink: Total number of uplink frames transmitted.
• Gateways: Total number of extender gateways connected to the built-in server, including the central gateway.
• End Devices: Total number of authenticated end devices connected to the server.
• Total OTAA Requests: Total number of authentication requests from end devices.
• Rejected OTAA Requests: Total number of authentication requests rejected by the server.
• Uptime: Total time the built-in server has been running without interruption.

SNR & RSSI
Displays the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) values graphically.

Traffic History
Provides a graph showing the number of packets transmitted over time.

DataRate
Displays the number of packets transmitted at each data rate (DR0 to DR7).

Packet Forwarder

The gateway forwards packets to an external network server (e.g., TTN, ChirpStack) without local processing. The external network server handles packet processing, device management, and data routing. This mode is suitable for integrating the gateway into an existing LoRaWAN network infrastructure.

When configuring Packet Forwarder mode, you can choose between two protocols:

Semtech UDP GWMP Protocol

• The Semtech UDP Packet Forwarder is the traditional and widely used protocol for LoRaWAN gateways.
• The gateway sends uplinks as raw UDP packets to the LNS (LoRaWAN Network Server) and receives downlinks via UDP.

LoRa Gateway MQTT Bridge

• The MQTT-based Packet Forwarder allows LoRaWAN traffic to be encapsulated in MQTT messages instead of raw UDP packets.
• Provides better security than UDP by supporting TLS encryption and authentication.

Configuration Guide Based on Use Case

Before applying scenario-specific settings, begin with the following basic configuration steps required for all Packet Forwarder use cases:

• Work Mode: Set to Packet Forwarder
• Protocol Type and Corresponding Configuration Options
  • Semtech UDP GWMP: For raw UDP packet forwarding
  • LoRa Gateway MQTT Bridge: For MQTT-based forwarding with enhanced security
• Frequency Plan / Region: Choose based on your country or deployment region
• Log Level: Optional, used for debugging and monitoring

Once these basic settings are complete, refer to the configuration guide table to determine which additional features you may need to enable depending on your application.

Use Case	Additional Configuration Sections
Basic packet forwarding to external LNS	None required beyond the basic setup (Work Mode, Protocol, Server Address, Region)
Custom/private LoRaWAN frequency requirements	View Detailed Regional Parameters (e.g., sub-band, private sync word)
Large-scale deployment / bandwidth optimization	Packet Filter: Filter by OUI, Network ID, join requests to reduce uplink noise and optimize load
Unstable network environments	Auto Data Recovery: Enable SD card buffering and resend on reconnection
TDoA-based positioning (e.g., asset tracking)	Fine Timestamp GPS Info: Configure manually via Fake GPS
Class B end device support	Class B Settings (only available when real GPS is present and locked): Configure beaconing, ping slot timing, and transmission parameters

Configuration Options Overview

Based on your use case, this section provides detailed explanations for each configuration module. You can follow along step by step, or skip to the sections that are relevant to your specific scenario.

Work Mode
Set the Work Mode to Packet Forwarder.

Figure 1: Work mode

Log Level
Configure the log level for debugging and monitoring purposes.

Figure 1: Log Level

• Error: Shows only error logs.
• Warning: Shows warning logs.
• Notice: Shows notice logs.
• Info: Shows all notice, error, and warning logs.
• Debug: This is the full log. It shows all types of logs and is used for debugging.

Select Your Country & Region

Figure 1: Select your country & region

Country Code Setting:
(Optional) Selecting the correct country ensures that the gateway operates in compliance with local regulations. The gateway's transmit power will be set to the maximum allowed by local regulations, and the LBT (Listen Before Talk) feature will be enabled if required.

Region: Set the region here. The frequency plan can be switched for the following regions:

• US915, AS923, KR920, AS923
• EU868, RU864, IN865
• EU433
• CN470

NOTE

• If you have already selected a country, the corresponding frequency plan will be automatically applied in the Region settings. Manual changes to the frequency plan are not allowed if the country selection has been made.
• Different hardware supports different LoRaWAN regions.
• If your Region is set to AS923, you need to configure the Variation option, such as AS923-1/AS923-2/AS923-3/AS923-4.

View Detailed Regional Parameters
Click on View detailed regional parameters of the frequency plan to expand the options.

• Conform to LoRaWAN: When enabled (default), the gateway adheres to the LoRaWAN protocol. If you need to customize LoRaWAN channels, disable this option.
• LoRaWAN Public: When enabled (by default), the gateway will process data from all end devices. If you want to create a private network, you can turn it off. The gateway will process the data only from the end devices, whose sync word is changed to private.

LoRaWAN network frequency settings vary by region due to different radio regulations and frequency allocations. This affects the available channel types:

• Frequency Sub-Band: Select the specific frequency sub-band based on the region's frequency plan.
• Multi-SF LoRa Channel Frequency (MHz): Set the frequency for the Multi-SF LoRa channel. To remove it, click the X next to it. To add a new frequency, enter the value and click Add.
• Standard LoRa Channel Frequency (MHz): Set the frequency for the standard LoRa channel.
• FSK Channel Frequency (MHz): Set the frequency for the FSK channel.

Protocol
The gateway supports multiple packet forwarder protocols to communicate with an LNS (LoRa Network Server). You can select the appropriate protocol based on your network architecture and security requirements.

• Semtech UDP GWMP Protocol: A UDP-based protocol for forwarding LoRa packets.
• LoRa Gateway MQTT Bridge: An MQTT-based protocol for secure cloud integration.
• Static Interval (s): Defines the interval (in seconds) at which the gateway sends status reports containing operational and packet processing statistics.

UDP Protocol Parameters
Configure UDP protocol settings for connecting the gateway to an LNS.

Figure 1: UDP Protocol Parameters

• Server address: The address of the LoRa Network Server (LNS).
• Server port up/down: The ports of the LoRa Server that are going to be used for inbound and outbound traffic.
• Push timeout (ms): The maximum response time for the LNS after receiving uplink data.
• Keepalive interval (s): The interval at which the gateway sends keepalive messages to confirm connectivity.
• Automatic Data Recovery: A feature that allows LoRa frames to be stored on the SD card (provided there is one in the slot). If the gateway loses connection to the LoRa Network Server, upon restoring the connection, the buffered messages will be forwarded, so no data is lost. This is done in blocks of 8 (FIFO) until all are cleared from the buffer.
• DGRAM MTU: The maximum transmission unit size (default: 1400).
• Auto-restart threshold: Defines the number of missed keepalive intervals before restarting the Packet Forwarder.

LoRa Gateway MQTT Bridge
Configure MQTT bridge settings for connecting to an LNS.

Figure 1: LoRa Gateway MQTT Bridge Parameters

• MQTT Protocol
  • MQTT for Built-in LoRa Network Server
  • MQTT for ChirpStack 2.x
  • MQTT for ChirpStack 3.x (JSON)
  • MQTT for ChirpStack 3.x (Protobuf)
  • MQTT for ChirpStack 4.x (Protobuf)
• MQTT Broker Address: IP address of the MQTT broker.
• MQTT Broker Port: Default 1883.
• MQTT Version: Choose between V3.1 and V3.1.1. There is very little difference between them, more information can be found on GitHub repo.
• QoS (Quality of Service):
  • 0 - At Most Once
  • 1 - At Least Once
  • 2 - Exactly Once
• Keepalive interval (s): Interval in seconds to keep the connection alive (default: 10).
• Clean Session: When enabled, the broker does not store session data.
• Retain: If enabled, the last published message is retained.
• Enable User Authentication: Enable authentication using username and password (disabled by default).
• SSL/TLS Mode: Configure secure connection
  • None
  • CA signed server certification
  • Self-signed server certification
  • Self-signed server & client certification
• TLS Version: Choose between TLS v1.1 and TLS v1.2.
• Uplink Topic/Downlink Topic/Downlink Acknowledge Topic/Gateway Statistic Topic: Predefined MQTT topics for uplink, downlink, and status updates.

Class B Settings
Enable/disable the class B beaconing. To expand the menu, click on Configure the beacon period and ping slots of class B devices to use time-sync beacons sent by the gateways.

Figure 1: Class B Settings

• Enable Beacon: The switch enables/disables Class B beaconing.
• PingSlot Channel Frequency: The frequency used for the beacon ping.
• PingSlot Datarate: The minimum duration of each beacon ping slot.
• Enable Hopping: Enables/disables Class B hopping as the class B beacon is transmitted following a frequency hopping pattern.
• Beacon Frequency (MHz): The frequency of the beacon. If frequency hopping is enabled, this option does not appear.
• Beacon TX Power: This is the transmit power of the beacon ping.

GPS Information

Set fake GPS coordinates (disabled by default). Click Add your GPS info manually to expand the GPS settings and enable Fake GPS using the switch.

NOTE

Once enabled, the gateway will use the manually configured GPS coordinates even if it can receive actual GPS signals.

Figure 1: GPS Information

• Latitude: Enter the latitude value.
• Longitude: Enter the longitude value.
• Altitude: Enter the altitude value.

Fine Timestamp

Enable timestamp (disabled by default). Click on Include fine timestamp in uplink packet for TDOA positioning to expand the fine timestamp setting.

Figure 1: Fine Timestamp

Packet Filter

Set up a packet filter to optimize bandwidth by forwarding packets only from selected devices (disabled by default). Click Allows to optimize bandwidth by filtering and forwarding packets from chosen end devices to expand packet filter settings.

Figure 1: Packet Filter

• White List Mode: Disabled by default. Enable it to allow filtering based on OUI and Network ID.
• OUI: Filters devices based on the first 3 bytes (6 hexadecimal characters) of the DevEUI, which typically identify the device manufacturer.
• Network ID: A decimal value between 0 and 127, derived from the most significant bits of a device’s DevAddr. For details, see the NetID and DevAddr Prefix Assignments.
• Auto Filter: Automatically adds trusted devices to the whitelist based on Join request behavior, without requiring manual configuration.
• Discard Period (s): Shows the time end devices will remain discarded (in seconds).
• Join Period (s): Shows the time after which end devices can send join requests again (in seconds).
• Join Interval (s): Shows the time limit between two consecutive join requests from the same end device (in seconds).
• Join Count 1: Shows the maximum join requests from the same end device during the join interval.
• Join Count 2: Shows the maximum join requests from the same end device during the join period.

Basics Station

Basics Station is a modern communication protocol that ensures secure and stable communication between your LoRaWAN gateway and the network server via WebSockets. It allows the gateway to dynamically connect to various cloud-based LoRaWAN network servers while maintaining high security.

Starting from WisGateOS v2.2.14, RAK gateways now support full 16-channel operation in Basics Station mode. This enhancement enables gateways with a 16-channel concentrator to make full use of all available channels, provided that the connected LoRaWAN Network Server (LNS) also supports 16-channel configurations. To benefit from this capability, both the gateway and the LNS must be properly configured and compatible with extended channel plans.

When configuring Basics Station mode, you can select from the following server types:

CUPS-BOOT Server

• Acts as an initial connection point for the gateway.
• Retrieves the actual CUPS Server details, including its URL, port, and authentication settings.

CUPS Server

• Automates the gateway's configuration for connecting to the correct LNS Server.
• The gateway periodically contacts the CUPS Server to receive updates on LNS settings, security credentials, and connection parameters.

LNS Server

• The gateway directly connects to a LoRaWAN Network Server (LNS) without using CUPS for configuration.
• Requires manual setup of the LNS URL, port, and authentication settings.

Configuration

When the Basics station work mode is chosen, the corresponding settings pop up replacing the ones for other work modes.

Work Mode
Set the Work Mode to Basics station.

Figure 1: Work mode

Log Level
Configure the log level for debugging and monitoring purposes.

Figure 1: Log Level

• Error: Shows only error logs.
• Warning: Shows warning logs.
• Notice: Shows notice logs.
• Info: Shows all notice, error, and warning logs.
• Debug: This is the full log. It shows all types of logs and is used for debugging.

Basics station server setup
Click on Configure Basics Station server setup to expand the Basics station server setup menu.

Figure 1: Basics station server setup

• Basics Station Server Type: When configuring Basics Station mode, you can select from the following server types.
  • CUPS-BOOT Server
  • CUPS Server
  • LNS Server
• Server URL: Enter the URL of the server that the gateway will connect to.
• Server Port: Enter the server's port number.
• Authentication Mode: Choose the appropriate authentication mode based on your server's requirements.
  • No Authentication: The server does not require authentication.
  • TLS Server Authentication: The server requires a trust file for authentication.
  • TLS Server and Client Authentication: The server requires a trust file, certificate, and key files for authentication.
  • TLS Server Authentication and Client Token: The server requires a trust file and a client token.
• Trust (CA Certificate): A file that contains the root certificate authority (CA) used to verify the server's identity.
• Client certificate: A digital certificate used to identify the client (gateway) to the server.
• Client key: A private key used in combination with the certificate for mutual TLS authentication.
• Client Token: A unique identifier used to authenticate the client without using certificates.

Packet Filter

Set up a packet filter to optimize bandwidth by forwarding packets only from selected devices (disabled by default). Click Allows to optimize bandwidth by filtering and forwarding packets from chosen end devices to expand packet filter settings.

Figure 1: Packet Filter

• White List Mode: Disabled by default. When enabled, it filters devices based on their OUI and Network ID.
• OUI: Filters devices based on the first 3 bytes (6 hexadecimal characters) of the DevEUI, which typically identify the device manufacturer.
• Network ID: A 6-character hexadecimal prefix derived based on the device's DevAddr. This prefix must be interpreted using the official NetID and DevAddr Prefix Assignments to determine which network the device belongs to. The gateway uses this information to determine whether to accept incoming packets.